|
|ʽ||h||г|| ||{{unicode|҅}}
|}
Например, если дана запись: «от греч. phlogistos», то её следует читать как: «от греч. φλογιστος».
Первоначальная [[кириллица]] была в сущности греческим алфавитом с несколькими дополнительными буквами, поэтому в [[старославянский язык|старославянском языке]] слова греческого происхождения писались точно так же, как и в греческом.
В современном [[русский язык|русском языке]] используется два варианта записи слов греческого происхождения:
# «новая система» — соответствует передаче греческих слов в [[латинский язык|латинском языке]] и отражает древнегреческое произношение.
# «старая система» — соответствует передаче греческих слов в [[церковнославянский язык|церковнославянском языке]] и отражает новогреческое произношение (поэтому, вопреки названию, применяется для транскрипции современных имён и названий).
Примеры: ''библиоте́ка'' (совр.) и ''вивлио́фика'' (устар.), ''Гоме́р'' (совр.) и ''Оми́р'' (устар.), ''эписко́п'' (прибор) и ''епи́скоп'' (человек).
Ударение в «новой» системе ставится по правилам латинского языка или в соответствии с ударением того европейского языка, откуда это слово попало в русский, и часто не совпадает с греческим.
В «новой» системе каппа иногда передаётся как «ц» (перед {{lang-el2|ε, ι, η, υ}} — например, «циник», «халцедон»), но теперь этого избегают.
== Вимова ==
|θα έχω γράψει<br />''напишу''
|}
==The nominal system==
The Greek nominal system displays [[inflection]] for two [[Grammatical number|numbers]] ([[singular]] and [[plural]]), three [[Grammatical gender|genders]] (masculine, feminine and neuter), and four [[Grammatical case|cases]] ([[nominative]], [[genitive]], [[accusative]] and [[vocative]]). As in many other Indo-European languages, the distribution of grammatical gender across nouns is largely arbitrary and need not coincide with natural sex. Case, number and gender are marked on the [[noun]] as well as on [[article (grammar)|articles]] and [[adjective]]s modifying it. While there are four cases, there is a great degree of [[syncretism (linguistics)|syncretism]] between case forms within most paradigms. Only one sub-group of the masculine nouns actually has four distinct forms in the four cases.
===Article===
There are two [[Article (grammar)|articles]] in Modern Greek, the definite and the indefinite. They are both inflected by gender and case, and the definite article also for number. The article agrees with the noun it modifies.
====The definite article====
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2" |
!colspan="2" |Masculine
!colspan="2" |Feminine
!colspan="2" |Neuter
|-
!rowspan="3"|Singular
!Nominative
| ο ||{{IPA|[o]}}
| η ||{{IPA|[i]}}
| το ||{{IPA|[to]}}
|-
!Genitive
| του ||{{IPA|[tu]}}
| της ||{{IPA|[tis]}}
| του ||{{IPA|[tu]}}
|-
!Accusative
| το(ν)<ref name="nu">When the following word begins with a plosive ({{IPA|[p t k b d ɡ]}}) or in formal language, these words take a final -ν {{IPA|[-n]}}. </ref>
|{{IPA|[to(n)]}}
| τη(ν)<ref name="nu"/> ||{{IPA|[ti(n)]}}
| το ||{{IPA|[to]}}
|-
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plural
!Nominative
| οι ||{{IPA|[i]}}
| οι ||{{IPA|[i]}}
| τα ||{{IPA|[ta]}}
|-
!Genitive
| των ||{{IPA|[ton]}}
| των ||{{IPA|[ton]}}
| των ||{{IPA|[ton]}}
|-
!Accusative
| τους ||{{IPA|[tus]}}
| τις ||{{IPA|[tis]}}
| τα ||{{IPA|[ta]}}
|}
The definite article is used more frequently in Greek than in English. It is used:
*Before nouns used in an abstract or a general sense:
**For example, Μου αρέσει η ειλικρίνεια ({{IPA|[mu aˈresi i iliˈkrinia]}}, 'I like sincerity'; literally 'I like ''the'' sincerity').
**Τα κάρβουνα είναι ακριβά φέτος ({{IPA|[ta karˈvuna ˈine akriˈva ˈfetos]}}, 'coal is expensive this year'; literally '<nowiki/>''the'' coal is expensive this year').
*Before proper names, including names of persons, placenames, and titles:
**For example, Ο Γιάννης θα έρθει αύριο ({{IPA|[o ˈʝannis θa ˈerθi ˈavrio]}}, 'John will come tomorrow'; literally '<nowiki/>''the'' John will come tomorrow').
*Before each noun in a series of nouns connected by ''and'':
**For example, Ήρθαν τα βιβλία, τα περιοδικά και οι εφημερίδες που ζήτησα; ({{IPA|[ˈirθan ta viˈvlia, ta perioðiˈka ke i efimeˈriðes pu ˈzitisa]}}, 'Have the books, magazines and newspapers I asked for arrived?'; literally '<nowiki/>''the'' books, ''the'' magazines and ''the'' newspapers')
*Before designations of time such as the year, the week and the hour as well as before the names of the seasons, the days of the week except when they follow the verb είμαι (to be):
**For example, Το τρένο φεύγει στις δέκα ({{IPA|[to ˈtreno ˈfevʝi stis ˈðeka]}}, 'the train leaves at ten'; literally 'at ''the'' ten').
*Before expressions of measure and weight, where the indefinite article would be used in English:
**For example, Το τυρί κοστίζει πέντε ευρώ το κιλό ({{IPA|[to tiˈri koˈstizi ˈpende evˈro to kiˈlo]}}, 'the cheese costs five euros a kilo'; literally 'five euros the kilo').
*Before a noun which is also modified by a possessor following it:
**For example, Το σπίτι μου είναι εδώ ({{IPA|[to ˈspiti mu ˈine eˈðo]}}, 'My house is here'; literally '<nowiki/>''the'' house my is here').
*Before nouns modified by a demonstrative adjective. In this case, the definite article is placed between the demonstrative adjective and the noun:
**For example, Αυτό το κρασί είναι καλό ({{IPA|[afˈto to kraˈsi ˈine kaˈlo]}}, 'this wine is good'; literally 'this ''the'' wine is good').
====The indefinite article====
The indefinite article in Greek is identical with the numeral ''one''. As in English, it exists only in the singular. Indefiniteness in plural nouns is expressed by the bare noun without an article.
{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan="2" |
!colspan="6" | Singular
|-
!colspan="2" |Masculine
!colspan="2" |Feminine
!colspan="2" |Neuter
|-
!Nominative
| ένας ||{{IPA|[ˈenas]}}
| μία ||{{IPA|[ˈmia]}}
| ένα ||{{IPA|[ˈena]}}
|-
!Genitive
| ενός ||{{IPA|[eˈnos]}}
| μιας ||{{IPA|[mɲas]}}
| ενός ||{{IPA|[eˈnos]}}
|-
!Accusative
| ένα(ν){{ref|nu}} ||{{IPA|[ˈena(n)]}}
| μία ||{{IPA|[ˈmia]}}
| ένα ||{{IPA|[ˈena]}}
|}
The indefinite article is not used in Greek as often as in English because it specifically expresses the concept of "one". It is omitted:
*Before predicate nouns:
**Είναι δικηγόρος ({{IPA|[ˈine ðikiˈɣoros]}}, 'he is a lawyer'; literally 'is lawyer').
*Before nouns that have no specific reference:
**Ψάχνω δουλειά ({{IPA|[ˈpsaxno ðuʎˈa]}}, 'I'm looking for a job'; i.e. not a specific job known to the speaker)
*In exclamations with nouns preceded with τι (what):
**Τι καλό παιδί! ({{IPA|[ti kaˈlo peˈði]}}, 'What a good boy!'; literally 'what good boy')
*Before a noun preceded by σαν ({{IPA|[san]}}, 'like'):
**Αυτό το χριστουγεννιάτικο δέντρο φαίνεται σαν αληθινό δέντρο ({{IPA|[afˈto to xristuʝeɲɲˈatiko ˈðendro ˈfenete san aliθiˈno ˈðendro]}}, 'this Christmas tree looks like a real tree'; literally 'like real tree')
*In proverbs:
**Σκυλί που γαβγίζει δε δαγκώνει ({{IPA|[skiˈli pu ɣavˈʝizi ðe ðaŋˈɡoni]}} 'a dog that barks does not bite'; literally 'dog that barks')
===Nouns===
Greek [[noun]]s are inflected by case and number. In addition each noun belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Within each of the three genders, there are several sub-groups (declension classes) with different sets of inflectional endings.
====Masculine nouns====
The table shows four of the most frequent declension classes: one with singulars in -ος {{IPA|[-os]}} and plurals in -οι {{IPA|[-i]}}; one with singulars in -ας {{IPA|[-as]}} and plurals in -ες {{IPA|[-es]}}, one with singulars in -ης {{IPA|[-is]}} and again plurals in -ες {{IPA|[-es]}} and one with singulars in -εας {{IPA|[-eas]}} and plurals in -εις {{IPA|[-is]}}. There are some other, minor ones. Historically, the class in -ος corresponds to the [[Ancient Greek grammar#Omicron Declension (second declension)|Ancient Greek o-Declension]]. The other classes represent a conflation of several different sources.
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="3" |
!colspan="2" |Group 1: -ος/-οι<br />φίλος <br />({{IPA|[ˈfilos]}} 'friend')
!colspan="2" |Group 2: -ας/-ες<br />άντρας <br />({{IPA|[ˈandras]}} 'man')
!colspan="2" |Group 3: -ης/-ες<br />χάρτης <br />({{IPA|[ˈxartis]}} 'map')
!colspan="2" |Group 4: -εας/-εις<br />προβολέας <br />({{IPA|[provoˈleas]}} 'searchlight')
|-
!Singular
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|ο {{IPA|[o]}}<br />του {{IPA|[tu]}}<br />το(ν) {{IPA|[to(n)]}}<br />
|φίλ'''ος''' <br />φίλ'''ου'''<br />φίλ'''ο'''<br />φίλ'''ε'''
|{{IPA|[-os]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-u]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-o]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-e]}}
|άντρ'''ας'''<br />άντρ'''α'''<br />άντρ'''α'''<br />άντρ'''α'''
|{{IPA|[-as]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}
|χάρτ'''ης'''<br />χάρτ'''η'''<br />χάρτ'''η'''<br />χάρτ'''η'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-i]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-i]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-i]}}
|προβολ'''έας'''<br />προβολ'''έα'''<br />προβολ'''έα'''<br />προβολ'''έα'''
|{{IPA|[-eas]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ea]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ea]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ea]}}
|-
!Plural
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|οι {{IPA|[i]}}<br />των {{IPA|[ton]}}<br />τους {{IPA|[tus]}}<br />
|φίλ'''οι'''<br />φίλ'''ων'''<br />φίλ'''ους'''<br />φίλ'''οι'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|άντρ'''ες'''<br />αντρ'''ών'''<br />άντρ'''ες'''<br />άντρ'''ες'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|χάρτ'''ες'''<br />χαρτ'''ών'''<br />χάρτ'''ες'''<br />χάρτ'''ες'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|προβολ'''είς'''<br />προβολ'''έων'''<br />προβολ'''είς'''<br />προβολ'''είς'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eon]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}
|}
Groups 2 and 3 each have subclasses of so-called ''anisosyllabic'' nouns, where the Plural is formed with the addition of a stem extension -αδ- {{IPA|[-að-]}} and -ηδ- {{IPA|[-ið-]}}, respectively. Examples are for Group 2a: παππάς/παππάδες ({{IPA|/paˈpas/paˈpaðes/}}, 'priest'), and for Group 3a: μανάβης/μανάβηδες ({{IPA|/maˈnavis/maˈnaviðes/}}, 'greengrocer'). The endings following the stem extension are the same as in the other words of Groups 2 and 3.
====Feminine nouns====
The two most frequent classes of feminine nouns are those with singulars in -α ({{IPA|[-a]}}) and in -η ({{IPA|[-i]}}) respectively, both with plurals in -ες {{IPA|[-es]}}) (Groups 1 and 2 in the tables below). They both correspond historically to the [[Ancient Greek grammar#Alpha Declension (first declension)|Ancient Greek a-Declension]]. There are certain subgroups (not shown in the table) which differ from each other in the placement of the accented syllable. A third group corresponds to Ancient Greek nouns in -ις, such as πόλις ('city'). Its singular forms have been adapted to those of Group 2, while its plural forms have retained the ancient pattern (plurals in -εις {{IPA|[-is]}}). The ancient forms of the Genitive Singular (πόλεως, {{IPA|[-eos]}}) are also found as a stylistic variant and they are fully acceptable. Group 4 corresponds to the Ancient Greek feminine o-Declension. Its forms are largely identical to those of the masculines in -ος. Except for Group 4, all classes have identical forms in the nominative, accusative and vocative.
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="3" |
!colspan="2"|Group 1: -α/-ες<br />ώρα <br />({{IPA|[ˈora]}}, 'time')
!colspan="2"|Group 2: -η/-ες<br />εποχή <br />({{IPA|[epoˈçi]}}, 'season')
!colspan="2"|Group 3: -η/-εις<br />πόλη <br />({{IPA|[ˈpoli]}}, 'city')
!colspan="2"|Group 4: -ος/-οι<br />μέθοδος <br />({{IPA|[ˈmeθoðos]}}, 'method')
|-
!Singular
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|η {{IPA|[i]}}<br />της {{IPA|[tis]}}<br />τη(ν) {{IPA|[ti(n)]}}<br />
|ώρ'''α'''<br />ώρ'''ας'''<br />ώρ'''α'''<br />ώρ'''α'''
|{{IPA|[-a]}}<br />{{IPA|[-as]}}<br />{{IPA|[-a]}}<br />{{IPA|[-a]}}
|εποχ'''ή'''<br />εποχ'''ής'''<br />εποχ'''ή'''<br />επο'''χή'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|πόλ'''η'''<br />πόλ'''ης''' <small>and</small> πόλ'''εως'''<br />πόλ'''η'''<br />πόλ'''η'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}} <small>and</small> {{IPA|[-eos]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|μέθοδ'''ος'''<br />μεθόδ'''ου'''<br />μέθοδ'''ο'''<br />μέθοδ'''ος (-ε)'''
|{{IPA|[-os]}}<br />{{IPA|[-u]}}<br />{{IPA|[-o]}}<br />{{IPA|[-os (-e)]}}
|-
!Plural
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|οι {{IPA|[i]}}<br />των {{IPA|[ton]}}<br />τις {{IPA|[tis]}}<br />
|ώρ'''ες'''<br />ωρ'''ών'''<br />ώρ'''ες'''<br />ώρ'''ες'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|εποχ'''ές'''<br />εποχ'''ών'''<br />εποχ'''ές'''<br />εποχ'''ές'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|πόλ'''εις'''<br />πόλ'''εων'''<br />πόλ'''εις'''<br />πόλ'''εις'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eon]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}
|μέθοδ'''οι'''<br />μεθόδ'''ων'''<br />μεθόδ'''ους'''<br />μέθοδ'''οι'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|}
====Neuter nouns====
All neuter nouns have identical forms across the nominative, accusative and vocative. The table below therefore shows only two forms, the common form labeled ''N/A/V'', and the genitive. There are two classes that are by far the most frequent ones, one with singulars in -ο and plurals in -α, the other with singulars in -ι and plurals in -ια (Groups 1 and 2 in the table below).
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="3" |
!colspan="2" |Group 1: -ο/-α<br />βιβλίο <br />({{IPA|[viˈvlio]}}, 'book')
!colspan="2" |Group 2: -ι/-ια<br />παιδί <br />({{IPA|[peˈði]}}, 'child')
!colspan="2" |Group 3: -μα/-ματα<br />πρόβλημα <br />{{IPA|[ˈprovlima]}}( 'problem')
!colspan="2" |Group 4: -ος/-η<br />λάθος <br />({{IPA|[ˈlaθos]}}, 'error')
!colspan="2" |Group 5: -ας/-ατα<br />κρέας <br />({{IPA|[ˈkreas]}}, 'meat')
!colspan="2" |Unique: -υ/-εα<br />οξύ <br />({{IPA|[oˈksi]}}, 'acid')
!colspan="2" |Unique: -υ/-ατα<br />δόρυ <br />({{IPA|[ˈðori]}}, 'spear')
|-
!Singular
!N/A/V<br />Genitive
|το {{IPA|[to]}}<br />του {{IPA|[tu]}}
|βιβλί'''ο'''<br />βιβλί'''ου'''
|{{IPA|[-o]}}<br />{{IPA|[-u]}}
|παιδ'''ί'''<br />παιδ'''ιού'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-ju]}}
|πρόβλη'''μα'''<br />προβλή'''ματος'''
|{{IPA|[-ma]}}<br />{{IPA|[-matos]}}
|λάθ'''ος'''<br />λάθ'''ους'''
|{{IPA|[-os]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}
|κρέ'''ας'''<br />κρέ'''ατος'''
|{{IPA|[-as]}}<br />{{IPA|[-atos]}}
|οξ'''ύ'''<br />οξ'''έος'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eos]}}
|δόρ'''υ'''<br />δόρ'''ατος'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-atos]}}
|-
!Plural
!N/A/V<br />Genitive
|τα {{IPA|[ta]}}<br />των {{IPA|[ton]}}
|βιβλί'''α'''<br />βιβλί'''ων'''
|{{IPA|[-a]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}
|παιδ'''ιά'''<br />παιδ'''ιών'''
|{{IPA|[-ja]}}<br />{{IPA|[-jon]}}
|προβλή'''ματα'''<br />προβλη'''μάτων'''
|{{IPA|[-mata]}}<br />{{IPA|[-maton]}}
|λάθ'''η'''<br />λαθ'''ών'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}
|κρέ'''ατα'''<br />κρε'''άτων'''
|{{IPA|[-ata]}}<br />{{IPA|[-aton]}}
|οξ'''έα'''<br />οξ'''έων'''
|{{IPA|[-ea]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eon]}}
|δόρ'''ατα'''<br />δορ'''άτων'''
|{{IPA|[-ata]}}<br />{{IPA|[-aton]}}
|}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, case and number. Therefore, each adjective has a threefold declension paradigm for the three genders. Adjectives show agreement both when they are used as attributes (ο καλός φίλος, {{IPA|[o kaˈlos ˈfilos]}}, 'the good friend') and when they are used as predicates (ο φίλος είναι καλός, {{IPA|[o ˈfilos ˈine kaˈlos]}}, 'the friend is good').
The vast majority of adjectives take forms in ''-ος'' in the masculine (same as masculine Group 1 nouns above), ''-ο'' in the neuter (same as neuter Group 1 nouns above), and either ''-η, -α,'' or ''-ια'' in the feminine (same as feminine Group 1/2 nouns above). Again, there are some other, minor groups and sub-classes.
Adjectives agree with the noun in terms of its abstract gender, not in terms of the shapes of the actual endings, since these depend on the individual declension class of both the noun and the adjective. This means that the concrete endings occurring in any pair of noun and adjective may be quite different from each other, depending on the classes involved (e.g. η καλή μέθοδος, {{IPA|[i kaˈli ˈmeθoðos]}}, 'the good method'; τα νέα λάθη, {{IPA|[ta ˈnea ˈlaθi]}}, 'the new errors').
The table below shows the forms for νέος, -α, -ο ({{IPA|[ˈneos]}} 'new, young'), καλός, -η, -ο ({{IPA|[kaˈlos]}} 'good'), and γλυκός, -ιά, -ό ({{IPA|[ɣliˈkos]}} 'sweet').
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Masculine
!colspan="6"|Feminine
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Neuter
|-
!colspan="2"|Group 1
!colspan="2"|Group 2
!colspan="2"|Group 3
|-
!Singular
!Nominative<br/>Genitive<br/>Accusative<br/>Vocative
|νέ'''ος'''<br />νέ'''ου'''<br />νέ'''ο'''<br />νέ'''ε'''
|{{IPA|[-os]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-u]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-o]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-e]}}
|νέ'''α'''<br />νέ'''ας'''<br />νέ'''α'''<br />νέ'''α'''
|{{IPA|[-a]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-as]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}
|καλ'''ή'''<br />καλ'''ής'''<br />καλ'''ή'''<br />καλ'''ή'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-is]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-i]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-i]}}
|γλυκ'''ιά'''<br />γλυκ'''ιάς'''<br />γλυκ'''ιά'''<br />γλυκ'''ιά'''
|{{IPA|[-ja]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-jas]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ja]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ja]}}
|νέ'''ο'''<br />νέ'''ου'''<br />νέ'''ο'''<br />νέ'''ο'''
|{{IPA|[-o]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-u]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-o]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-o]}}
|-
!Plural
!Nominative<br/>Genitive<br/>Accusative<br/>Vocative
|νέ'''οι'''<br />νέ'''ων'''<br />νέ'''ους'''<br />νέ'''οι'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-on]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-us]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-i]}}
|νέ'''ες'''<br />νέ'''ων'''<br />νέ'''ες'''<br />νέ'''ες'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-on]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-es]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-es]}}
|καλ'''ές'''<br />καλ'''ών'''<br />καλ'''ές'''<br />καλ'''ές'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-on]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-es]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-es]}}
|γλυκ'''ές'''<br />γλυκ'''ών'''<br />γλυκ'''ές'''<br />γλυκ'''ές'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-on]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-es]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-es]}}
|νέ'''α'''<br />νέ'''ων'''<br />νέ'''α'''<br />νέ'''α'''
|{{IPA|[-a]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-on]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-a]}}
|-
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|''Analogous:''<br />καλός ...<br />γλυκός ...
|colspan="6"|
|colspan="2"|''Analogous:''<br />καλό ...<br />γλυκό ...
|}
Other adjective classes include the following:
*Certain adjectives, usually denoting human characteristics, whose masculine and feminine forms decline like nouns of the masculine Group 3a (-ης/-ηδες, {{IPA|/-is/-iðes/}}) and the feminine Group 1 (-α), while the neuter ends in -ικο {{IPA|[-iko]}}, for example, τεμπέλης, τεμπέλα, τεμπέλικο ({{IPA|[temˈbelis, temˈbela, temˈbeliko]}}, 'lazy').
*Some adjectives of learned origin which lack a separate form for the feminine, using the regular -ος {{IPA|[-os]}} paradigm both for the masculine and the feminine gender, for example, έγκυος ({{IPA|[ˈeŋɟios]}}, 'pregnant').
*Another class of learned origin, with masculine/feminine in -ης {{IPA|[-is]}} and neuter in -ες {{IPA|[-es]}}, for example, διεθνής ({{IPA|[ðieθˈnis]}} 'international').
*A small group of adjectives in -ύς, -ιά, -ύ ({{IPA|[-is, -ia, -i]}}), for example, βαρύς ({{IPA|[vaˈris]}}, 'heavy'), and the similar but even more irregular single item πολύς, πολλή, πολύ ({{IPA|[poˈlis, polˈli, poˈli]}}, 'much').
*These adjectives are declined this way:
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="4"|Group 1: -ής, -ές/-είς, -ή<br />συνεχής <br />({{IPA|[sineˈçis]}}, 'continual')
!colspan="4"|Group 2: -ης, -ες/-εις, -η<br />συνήθης <br />({{IPA|[siˈniθis]}}, 'usual')
!colspan="6"|Group 3: -υς, -υ/-εις, -ια<br />βαθύς <br />({{IPA|[vaˈθis]}}, 'deep')
|-
!colspan="2"|Masc. - Fem.
!colspan="2"|Neuter
!colspan="2"|Masc. - Fem.
!colspan="2"|Neuter
!colspan="2"|Masculine
!colspan="2"|Feminine
!colspan="2"|Neuter
|-
!Singular
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|συνεχ'''ής'''<br />συνεχ'''ούς'''<br />συνεχ'''ή'''<br />συνεχ'''ής'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}
|συνεχ'''ές'''<br />συνεχ'''ούς'''<br />συνεχ'''ές'''<br />συνεχ'''ές'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|συνήθ'''ης'''<br />συνήθ'''ους'''<br />συνήθ'''η'''<br />συνήθ'''ης'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}
|σύνηθ'''ες'''<br />συνήθ'''ους'''<br />σύνηθ'''ες'''<br />σύνηθ'''ες'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|βαθ'''ύς'''<br />βαθ'''έος'''<br />βαθ'''ύ'''<br />βαθ'''ύ'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eos]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|βαθ'''ιά'''<br />βαθ'''ιάς'''<br />βαθ'''ιά'''<br />βαθ'''ιά'''
|{{IPA|[-ja]}}<br />{{IPA|[-jas]}}<br />{{IPA|[-ja]}}<br />{{IPA|[-ja]}}
|βαθ'''ύ'''<br />βαθ'''έος'''<br />βαθ'''ύ'''<br />βαθ'''ύ'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eos]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|-
!Plural
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|συνεχ'''είς'''<br />συνεχ'''ών'''<br />συνεχ'''είς'''<br />συνεχ'''είς'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}
|συνεχ'''ή'''<br />συνεχ'''ών'''<br />συνεχ'''ή'''<br />συνεχ'''ή'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|συνήθ'''εις'''<br />συνήθ'''ων'''<br />συνήθ'''εις'''<br />συνήθ'''εις'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}
|συνήθ'''η'''<br />συνήθ'''ων'''<br />συνήθ'''η'''<br />συνήθ'''η'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|βαθ'''είς''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιοί'''<br />βαθ'''έων''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιών'''<br />βαθ'''είς'''<br />βαθ'''είς''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιοί'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-ji]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eon]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-jon]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-ji]}}
|βαθ'''ιές'''<br />βαθ'''ιών'''<br />βαθ'''ιές'''<br />βαθ'''ιές'''
|{{IPA|[-jes]}}<br />{{IPA|[-jon]}}<br />{{IPA|[-jes]}}<br />{{IPA|[-jes]}}
|βαθ'''έα''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιά'''<br />βαθ'''έων''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιών'''<br />βαθ'''έα''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιά'''<br />βαθ'''έα''' <small>or</small> βαθ'''ιά'''
|{{IPA|[-ea]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-ja]}}<br />{{IPA|[-eon]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-jon]}}<br />{{IPA|[-ea]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-ja]}}<br />{{IPA|[-ea]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-ja]}}
|}
*The adjective ''πολύς'' - ''πολλή'' - ''πολύ'' is declined this way:
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="2"|Masculine
!colspan="2"|Feminine
!colspan="2"|Neuter
|-
!Singular
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|πολ'''ύς'''<br />πολλ'''ού'''<br />πολ'''ύ'''<br />πολ'''ύ'''
|{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-u]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|πολλ'''ή'''<br />πολλ'''ής'''<br />πολλ'''ή'''<br />πολλ'''ή'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-is]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|πολ'''ύ'''<br />πολλ'''ού'''<br />πολ'''ύ'''<br />πολ'''ύ'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-u]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|-
!Plural
!Nominative<br />Genitive<br />Accusative<br />Vocative
|πολλ'''οί'''<br />πολλ'''ών'''<br />πολλ'''ούς'''<br />πολλ'''οί'''
|{{IPA|[-i]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-us]}}<br />{{IPA|[-i]}}
|πολλ'''ές'''<br />πολλ'''ών'''<br />πολλ'''ές'''<br />πολλ'''ές'''
|{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}<br />{{IPA|[-es]}}
|πολλ'''ά'''<br />πολλ'''ών'''<br />πολλ'''ά'''<br />πολλ'''ά'''
|{{IPA|[-a]}}<br />{{IPA|[-on]}}<br />{{IPA|[-a]}}<br />{{IPA|[-a]}}
|}
====Comparative====
Adjectives in Modern Greek can form a [[comparative]] for expressing comparisons. Similar to English, it can be formed in two ways, as a periphrastic form (as in English ''beautiful > more beautiful'') and as synthetic form using grammatical suffixes, as in English ''large > larger'') . The periphrastic comparative is formed by the particle ''πιο'' ({{IPA|[pço]}}, 'more') preceding the adjective. The synthetic forms of the regular adjectives in ''-ος'', ''-η'' and ''-o'' is created with the suffix ''-οτερος'' ''-οτερη'' and ''-οτερο''. For those adjectives which end in ''-ης'', ''-ης'' and ''-ες'' the corresponding suffixes are ''-εστερος'' ''-εστερη'' and ''-εστερο''.
A [[superlative]] is expressed by combining the comparative, in either its periphrastic or synthetic form, with a preceding definite article. (Thus, Modern Greek does not distinguish between 'the largest house' and 'the larger house'; both are ''το μεγαλύτερο σπίτι'' or ''το πιο μεγάλο σπίτι''.)
Besides the superlative proper, sometimes called "relative superlative", there is also an "absolute superlative" or [[elative (gradation)|elative]], expressing the meaning 'very …' (for example, ''ωραιότατος'' 'very beautiful'). Elatives are formed with the suffixes ''-οτατος'', ''-οτατη'' and ''-οτατο'' for the regular adjectives, and ''-εστατος'' ''-εστατη'' and ''-εστατο'' for those in ''-ης''.
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" rowspan="3"|Simple form
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Comparative form
!colspan="4" rowspan="1"|Superlative form
|-
!colspan="2"|Relative
!colspan="2"|Absolute (elative)
|-
!colspan="1"|Periphrastic
!colspan="1"|Synthetic
!colspan="1"|Periphrastic
!colspan="1"|Synthetic
!colspan="1"|Periphrastic
!colspan="1"|Synthetic
|-
!rowspan="6"|Adjectives
| ψηλός || πιο ψηλός || ψηλότερος || ο πιο ψηλός || ο ψηλότερος || πολύ ψηλός || ψηλότατος
|-
| σοφός || πιο σοφός || σοφότερος || ο πιο σοφός || ο σοφότερος || πολύ σοφός || σοφότατος
|-
| ωραίος || πιο ωραίος || ωραιότερος || ο πιο ωραίος || ο ωραιότερος || πολύ ωραίος || ωραιότατος
|-
| πλούσιος || πιο πλούσιος || πλουσιότερος || ο πιο πλούσιος || ο πλουσιότερος || πολύ πλούσιος || πλουσιότατος
|-
| βαθύς || πιο βαθύς || βαθύτερος || ο πιο βαθύς || ο βαθύτερος || πολύ βαθύς || βαθύτατος
|-
| επιεικής || πιο επιεικής || επιεικέστερος || ο πιο επιεικής || ο επιεικέστερος || πολύ επιεικής || επιεικέστατος
|-
!rowspan="1"|Participles
| ευτυχισμένος || πιο ευτυχισμένος || — || ο πιο ευτυχισμένος || — || πολύ ευτιχισμένος || —
|-
!rowspan="2"|Adverbs
| ψηλά || πιο ψηλά || ψηλότερα || — || — || πολύ ψηλά || ψηλότατα
|-
| επιεικώς || πιο επιεικώς || επιεικέστερα || — || — || πολύ επιεικώς || επιεικέστατα
|}
===Personal pronouns===
There are strong pronouns (stressed, free) and weak pronouns (unstressed, clitic). Nominative pronouns only have the strong form (except in some minor environments) and are used as subjects only when special emphasis is intended, since unstressed subjects recoverable from context are not overtly expressed anyway. Genitive (possessive) pronouns are used in their weak forms as pre-verbal clitics to express indirect objects (for example, του μίλησα, {{IPA|[tu ˈmilisa]}}, 'I talked to him'), and as a post-nominal clitic to express possession (for example, οι φίλοι του, {{IPA|[i ˈfili tu]}}, 'his friends'). The strong genitive forms are relatively rare and used only for special emphasis (for example, αυτού οι φίλοι, {{IPA|[afˈtu i ˈfili]}}, '<em>his</em> friends'); often they are doubled by the weak forms (for example, αυτού του μίλησα, {{IPA|[afˈtu tu ˈmilisa]}}, '<em>him</em> I talked to'). An alternative way of giving emphasis to a possessive pronoun is propping it up with the stressed adjective δικός ({{IPA|[ðiˈkos]}}, 'own'), for example, οι δικοί του φίλοι ({{IPA|[i ðiˈci tu ˈfili]}}, '<em>his</em> friends').
Accusative pronouns exist both in a weak and a strong form. The weak form is used as a pre-verbal clitic (for example, τον είδα, {{IPA|[ton ˈiða]}}, 'I saw him'); the strong form is used elsewhere in the clause (for example, είδα αυτόν, {{IPA|[ˈiða afˈton]}}, 'I saw ''him''<nowiki/>'). Third-person pronouns have separate forms for the three genders; those of the first and second Person do not. The weak third-person forms are similar to the corresponding forms of the definite article. The strong third-person forms function simultaneously as generic demonstratives ('this, that').
The strong plural forms of the third person in the genitive and accusative (αυτών, αυτούς etc.) have optional alternative forms extended by an additional syllable {{IPA|[-on-]}} or {{IPA|[-un-]}} (αυτωνών, αυτουνούς etc.)
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="3" rowspan="2"|
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|1st person
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|2nd person
!colspan="6"|3rd person
|-
!colspan="2"|Masc.
!colspan="2"|Fem.
!colspan="2"|Neut.
|-
!rowspan="6"|Strong
!rowspan="3"|Singular
!Nominative
|εγώ ||{{IPA|[eˈɣo]}}
|εσύ ||{{IPA|[eˈsi]}}
|αυτός ||{{IPA|[afˈtos]}}
|αυτή ||{{IPA|[afˈti]}}
|αυτό ||{{IPA|[afˈto]}}
|-
!Genitive
|εμένα ||{{IPA|[eˈmena]}}
|εσένα ||{{IPA|[eˈsena]}}
|αυτoύ ||{{IPA|[afˈtu]}}
|αυτής ||{{IPA|[afˈtis]}}
|αυτού ||{{IPA|[afˈtu]}}
|-
!Accusative
|εμένα ||{{IPA|[eˈmena]}}
|εσένα ||{{IPA|[eˈsena]}}
|αυτόν||{{IPA|[afˈton]}}
|αυτήν||{{IPA|[afˈtin]}}
|αυτό ||{{IPA|[afˈto]}}
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plural
!Nominative
|εμείς ||{{IPA|[eˈmis]}}
|εσείς ||{{IPA|[eˈsis]}}
|αυτοί ||{{IPA|[afˈti]}}
|αυτές ||{{IPA|[afˈtes]}}
|αυτά ||{{IPA|[afˈta]}}
|-
!Genitive
|εμάς ||{{IPA|[eˈmas]}}
|εσάς ||{{IPA|[eˈsas]}}
|αυτών ||{{IPA|[afˈton]}}
|αυτών ||{{IPA|[afˈton]}}
|αυτών ||{{IPA|[afˈton]}}
|-
!Accusative
|εμάς ||{{IPA|[eˈmas]}}
|εσάς ||{{IPA|[eˈsas]}}
|αυτούς||{{IPA|[afˈtus]}}
|αυτές ||{{IPA|[afˈtes]}}
|αυτά ||{{IPA|[afˈta]}}
|-
!rowspan="6"|Weak
!rowspan="3"|Singular
!Nominative
|– ||
|– ||
|τος ||{{IPA|[tos]}}
|τη ||{{IPA|[ti]}}
|το ||{{IPA|[to]}}
|-
!Genitive
|μου ||{{IPA|[mu]}}
|σου ||{{IPA|[su]}}
|του ||{{IPA|[tu]}}
|της ||{{IPA|[tis]}}
|του ||{{IPA|[tu]}}
|-
!Accusative
|με ||{{IPA|[me]}}
|σε ||{{IPA|[se]}}
|τον ||{{IPA|[ton]}}
|τη(ν)<ref name="nu"/> ||{{IPA|[ti(n)]}}
|το ||{{IPA|[to]}}
|-
!rowspan="3"|Plural
!Nominative
|– ||
|– ||
|τοι ||{{IPA|[ti]}}
|τες ||{{IPA|[tes]}}
|τα ||{{IPA|[ta]}}
|-
!Genitive
|μας ||{{IPA|[mas]}}
|σας ||{{IPA|[sas]}}
|τους ||{{IPA|[tus]}}
|τους ||{{IPA|[tus]}}
|τους ||{{IPA|[tus]}}
|-
!Accusative
|μας ||{{IPA|[mas]}}
|σας ||{{IPA|[sas]}}
|τους ||{{IPA|[tus]}}
|τις ||{{IPA|[tis]}}
|τα ||{{IPA|[ta]}}
|}
Besides αυτός {{IPA|[afˈtos]}} as a generic demonstrative, there are also the more specific spatial demonstrative pronouns τούτος, -η, -ο ({{IPA|[tuˈtos]}}, 'this here') and εκείνος, -η, -ο ({{IPA|[eˈcinos]}}, 'that there').
===Numerals===
The numerals in Modern Greek are very similar to those of the Ancient Greek. The numerals one, three and four are also declined by using the obsolete types of the third declension of the nouns.
{|class="wikitable"
!rowspan="3" |
!colspan="6" | Singular
!colspan="8" | Plural
|-
!colspan="6" |ένας - μία - ένα (1)
!colspan="4" |τρεις - τρία (3)
!colspan="4" |τέσσερις - τέσσερα (4)
|-
!colspan="2" |Masculine
!colspan="2" |Feminine
!colspan="2" |Neuter
!colspan="2" |Masc. - Fem.
!colspan="2" |Neuter
!colspan="2" |Masc. - Fem.
!colspan="2" |Neuter
|-
!Nominative
| ένας ||{{IPA|[ˈenas]}}
| μία ||{{IPA|[ˈmia]}}
| ένα ||{{IPA|[ˈena]}}
| τρεις ||{{IPA|[tris]}}
| τρία ||{{IPA|[ˈtria]}}
| τέσσερις ||{{IPA|[ˈtesseris]}}
| τέσσερα ||{{IPA|[ˈtessera]}}
|-
!Genitive
| ενός ||{{IPA|[eˈnos]}}
| μιας ||{{IPA|[mɲas]}}
| ενός ||{{IPA|[eˈnos]}}
| τριών ||{{IPA|[triˈon]}}
| τριών ||{{IPA|[triˈon]}}
| τεσσάρων ||{{IPA|[tesˈsaron]}}
| τεσσάρων ||{{IPA|[tesˈsaron]}}
|-
!Accusative
| ένα(ν){{ref|nu}} ||{{IPA|[ˈena(n)]}}
| μία ||{{IPA|[ˈmia]}}
| ένα ||{{IPA|[ˈena]}}
| τρεις ||{{IPA|[tris]}}
| τρία ||{{IPA|[ˈtria]}}
| τέσσερις ||{{IPA|[ˈtesseris]}}
| τέσσερα ||{{IPA|[ˈtessera]}}
|}
==Prepositions==
In [[Demotic Greek]], prepositions normally require the [[accusative case]]: από (from), για (for), με (with), μετά (after), χωρίς (without), ως (as) and σε (to, in or at). The preposition σε, when followed by a definite article, fuses with it into forms like στο (σε + το) and στη (σε + τη). While there is only a relatively small number of simple prepositions native to Demotic, the two most basic prepositions σε and από can enter into a large number of combinations with preceding adverbs to form new compound prepositions, for example, πάνω σε (on), κάτω από (underneath), πλάι σε (beside) etc.
A few prepositions that take cases other than the accusative have been borrowed into [[Standard Modern Greek]] from the learned tradition of [[Katharevousa]]: κατά (against), υπέρ (in favor of, for), αντί (instead of). Other prepositions live on in a fossilised form in certain fixed expressions (for example, εν τω μεταξύ 'in the meantime', dative).
The preposition από (''apó'', 'from') is also used to express the agent in passive sentences, like English ''by''.
==Conjunctions==
Coordinating and subordinating [[grammatical conjunction|conjunctions]] in Greek include:
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" |Kinds
!colspan="1" |Conjunctions
!colspan="1" |Meaning
|-
!Copulative
|και (κι), ούτε, μήτε, ουδέ, μηδέ
|''and, neither''
|-
!Separatist
|ή, είτε
|''or, either''
|-
!Negative
|μα, αλλά, παρά, όμως, ωστόσο, ενώ, αν και, μολονότι, μόνο
|''but, although, however, whereas''
|-
!Inferential
|λοιπόν, ώστε, άρα, επομένως, που
|''so, so as, thus, that''
|-
!Explanatory
|δηλαδή
|''so, in other words''
|-
!Special
|ότι, πως, που
|''that''
|-
!Temporal
|όταν, σαν, ενώ, καθώς, αφού, αφότου, πριν (πριν να), μόλις, προτού, ώσπου, ωσότου, όσο που, όποτε
|''when, while, after, before, just, until''
|-
!Explaining
|γιατί, διότι, επειδή, αφού
|''because''
|-
!Hypothetical
|αν, εάν, άμα, σαν
|''if''
|-
!Final
|να, για να
|''so as, (in order)to''
|-
!Efficacious
|ώστε (να), που
|''so as, in order to''
|-
!Hesitant
|μη(ν), μήπως
|''maybe, perhaps''
|-
!Comparative
|παρά
|''to, than''
|}
The word να ({{IPA|[na]}}) serves as a generic subordinator corresponding roughly to English ''to'' (+ infinitive) or ''that'' in sentences like προτιμώ να πάω ({{IPA|[protiˈmo na ˈpao]}}, 'I prefer to go', literally 'I prefer that I go') or προτιμώ να πάει ο Γιάννης ({{IPA|[protiˈmo na ˈpai o ˈʝannis]}}, 'I prefer that John go'). It marks the following verb as being in the [[subjunctive]] mood. Somewhat similar to the English ''to''-infinitive its use is often associated with meanings of non-factuality, i.e. events that have not (yet) come true, that are expected, wished for etc. In this, it contrasts with ότι {{IPA|[ˈoti]}} and πως {{IPA|[pos]}}, which correspond to English ''that'' when used with a meaning of factuality. The difference can be seen in the contrast between μας είπε να πάμε βόλτα ({{IPA|[mas ˈipe na ˈpame ˈvolta]}}, 'he told us to go for a walk') vs. μας είπε πως πήγε βόλτα ({{IPA|[mas ˈipe pos ˈpiʝe ˈvolta]}}, 'he told us that he went for a walk'). When used on its own with a following verb, να may express a wish or order, as in να πάει! ({{IPA|[na ˈpai]}}, 'let him go' or 'may he go'). Unlike the other subordinating conjunctions, να is always immediately followed by the verb it governs, separated from it only by any clitics that might be attached to the verb, but not by a subject or other clause-initial material.
==Negation==
For sentence negation, Greek has preserved from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] a distinction between two [[negation (linguistics)|negator]] elements, δε(ν) ''dhe(n)''<ref name="nu"/> and μη(ν) ''mi(n)'', 'not'. The negator δεν is used for simple negation in clauses with indicative mood. The negator μην is used in subjunctive contexts, either after subjunctive-inducing να or as a negative replacement for να. It is often associated with the expression of a wish for an event not to come true, as in: φοβάμαι μη βρέξει ({{IPA|[foˈvame mi ˈvreksi]}}, 'I'm afraid lest it might rain'), or with a negated order or recommendation, as in: μας είπε να μην πάμε βόλτα ({{IPA|[mas ˈipe na min ˈpame ˈvolta]}}, 'he told us not to go for a walk'); να μην πάει! ({{IPA|[na min ˈpai]}}, 'let him not go!'). When used alone with a verb in the second person, it forms the functional equivalent to a negative imperative: μην πας! ({{IPA|[min pas]}}, 'don't go!'). The imperative itself has no negative forms, something which is preserved from Ancient Greek, and the negative is formed by the types of the subjunctive. e.g. παίξε ({{IPA|[ˈpekse]}}, 'play!'), μην παίξεις ({{IPA|[min ˈpeksis]}}, 'don't play!').
For constituent negation, i.e. when negating not a whole clause but a specific constituent of it, Greek uses [[negative concord]], i.e. a combination of the sentence negator (δεν/μην) with a negative-[[polarity item]] on the constituent to be negated, as in: δεν έχω κανένα νέο ({{IPA|[ðen ˈexo kaˈnena ˈneo]}}, 'I don't have any news'). These negative-polarity items, when used in a full clause with a verb, correspond to English words in ''any-'' (''anything, anybody, anywhere'' etc.); however, they can also be used on their own when negating a standalone phrase without a verb, in which case they are translatable with English words in ''no-'' (''nothing, nobody, none, nowhere'' etc.). This can be seen in the example dialogue:
:Έχεις κανένα νέο; – Όχι, κανένα. ({{IPA|[ˈeçis kaˈnena ˈneo? – ˈoçi kaˈnena]}} 'Have you got any news? – No, none.')
The ''κανείς, καμία, κανένα'' is declined thus (only singular):
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Masculine
!colspan="2"|Feminine
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Neuter
|-
!Nominative<br/>Genitive<br/>Accusative
|κανένας <small>or</small> κανείς<br />κανενός<br />κανένα
|{{IPA|[-enas]}} <small>or</small> {{IPA|[-is]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-enos]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ena]}}
|καμία<br />καμιάς<br />καμία
|{{IPA|[-mia]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-mias]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-mia]}}
|κανένα<br />κανενός<br />κανένα
|{{IPA|[-ena]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-enos]}}<br/>{{IPA|[-ena]}}
|}
*The ''ουδείς, ουδεμία, ουδείς'' is generally rare and conservative. It is declined like the ''κανείς'' but does not have the forms ''ουδένας'' and ''ουδένα'' but only ''ουδείς'' and ''ουδέν''. When ''ουδείς'' is used the double negation cannot be used.
==Relative clauses==
Greek has two different ways of forming relative clauses. The simpler and by far the more frequent uses the invariable [[relativizer]] που ({{IPA|[pu]}}, 'that', literally 'where'), as in: η γυναίκα που είδα χτες ({{IPA|[i ʝiˈneka pu ˈiða xtes]}}, 'the woman that I saw yesterday'). When the relativized element is a subject, object or adverbial within the relative clause, then – as in English – it has no other overt expression within the relative clause apart from the relativizer. Some other types of relativized elements, however, such as possessors, are represented within the clause by a resumptive pronoun, as in: η γυναίκα που βρήκα την τσάντα <u>της</u> ({{IPA|/i ʝiˈneka pu ˈvrika tin ˈt͡sanda <u>tis</u>/}}, 'the woman whose handbag I found', literally 'the woman that I found <u>her</u> handbag').
The second, rarer and more formal, form of relative clauses employs complex inflected [[relative pronoun]]s. They are composite elements consisting of the definite article and a following pronominal element that is inflected like an adjective: ο οποίος, η οποία, το οποίο ({{IPA|[o oˈpios, i oˈpia, to oˈpio]}} etc., literally 'the which'). Both elements are inflected for case, number and gender according to the grammatical properties of the relativized item within the relative clause, as in: η γυναίκα την οποία είδα χτες ({{IPA|[i ʝiˈneka tin oˈpia ˈiða xtes]}}, 'the woman whom I saw yesterday'); η γυναίκα της οποίας βρήκα την τσάντα ({{IPA|[i ʝiˈneka tis oˈpias ˈvrika tin ˈt͡sanda]}}, 'the woman whose handbag I found').
== Примітки ==
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